Although the fatigue loading reduced the residual stresses considerably, those remaining were still significant with respect to small stress ranges in the spectrum. (W 134) (1)

Fatigue loading = Carga de fadiga

The first pipe test (TWI 2-1) was conducted on pipe material under axial loading only. (W 31) (2)

Axial loading = Carga axial (em um eixo)

The evaluation of welding residual stresses requires an understanding of the effects of a number of parameters such as static loading, cyclic loading and crack growth. (W 65) (3)

Cyclic loading = Carga cíclica

(1) Investigation of fatigue damage to welded joints under variable amplitude loading spectra

Yan-Hui Zhang and S J Maddox

Structural Integrity Technology Group

TWI Limited

Granta Park

Great Abington

Cambridge

CB1 6AL, UK

Paper published in International Journal of Fatigue 2008, vol. 31, Issue 1, January 2009. pp.138-152.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01421123.

(2) Flaw Tolerance of Pipelines Containing Circumferential Flaws Subjected to Axial Straining and Internal Pressure – Tests and Analyses.

H. Pisarski, S. Smith and T. London 

TWI Ltd, 

Cambridge, UK. 

Paper presented at ISOPE Conference July 2013, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.

(3) The effects of loadings on welding residual stresses and assessment of fracture parameters in a welding residual stress field

Liwu Wei, Weijing He and Simon Smith 

TWI Ltd

Paper presented at the ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, July 17-21, 2011, PVP2011-57518.