Without plume dispersion, stable full penetration was not achieved in 8mm thickness plate in the autogenous melt run trials. Penetration was unstable, producing a ‘stitching’ weld root. (W 77) (1)

Full penetration = Penetração total

Hybrid laser-arc welding, originally proposed in the 1970s, but more recently of renewed interest, combines deep penetration keyhole laser welding with an arc welding process in a single process zone. (W 206) (2)

Deep penetration = Penetração profunda

For in-process monitoring of laser welding, most current techniques employ a variety of sensors to monitor electromagnetic signals from the molten pool during welding, with the objective of correlating the output from the sensor to features such as weld penetration, weld pores, and the weld shape. (W 131) (3)

Weld penetration = Penetração de solda

(1) Adaptively controlled hybrid welding using a high brightness laser

C M Allen, G Shi and P A Hilton

Paper presented at International conference on power beam processing technologies (ICPBPT2010) Oct. 25-29, 2010 Beijing, China.

(2) Hybrid laser-MAG welding procedures and weld properties in 4mm, 6mm and 8mm thickness C-Mn steels

C M Allen 1 , C H J Gerritsen 2 , Y Zhang 1 , J Mawella 3

1 TWI Ltd., Granta Park, Gt. Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AL, United Kingdom.

2 Formerly at TWI Ltd., now at OCAS NV (Arcelor), Industry Research Centre, Arcelor Innovation – R&Dmp;D, OCAS NV, John Kennedylaan 3, 9060 Zelzate, Belgium.

3 Defence Procurement Agency, Ministry of Defence, Abbeywood, Bristol BS34 8JH, United Kingdom.

Paper presented at the IIW Commission IV / XII, Intermediate Meeting, Vigo, Spain, 11 – 13 April 2007.

(3) The importance of welding quality in ship construction

P.L. Moore 

Paper presented at Analysis and design of Marine Structures 2nd International Conference on Marine Structures (MARSTRUCT 2009) March 16- 18, 2009 Lisbon, Portugal.