The Dawes approach [12] which combined separate elastic and plastic components of the crack tip opening displacement was that which was ultimately adopted by the British Standard, and in the early editions of ASTM E1290.(W 24) (1)

British standard = Norma britânica

The European Standard was selected because it is specific to laser welding of aluminium, whereas the American standard and the internal standard were chosen because they are specific to fusion welding for aerospace applications. (W 327) (2)

European standard = Norma europeia

In the field of non-destructive testing (NDT) there is a European and an International Standard[6,7] that deal with the independent certification of NDT personnel. These standards have not resulted in the harmonised approach to NDT like the one that has been adopted in the international welding community.  (W 126) (3)

International standard = Norma internacional

(1) CTOD and pipelines – the past, present and future

Dr Philippa Moore and Dr Henryk Pisarski 

TWI Ltd, Cambridge, UK

Paper presented at the 6th International Pipeline Technology Conference (Rudi’s Pipeline Conference), 6-9 October 2013, Ostend, Belgium.

(2) Laser Welding of Low-Porosity Aerospace Aluminium Alloy

Geert Verhaeghe and Paul Hilton

Paper presented at 34th International MATADOR Conference, 7th – 9th July 2004, UMIST, Manchester, UK.

(3) The special importance of personnel competence in welding fabrication

Eur Ing Jessop, Tim, and Eady, Chris 

TWI Ltd

Paper presented at Seventh European Congress on Joining Technology (EUROJOIN 7) on behalf of the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting, 21 – 22 May, 2009 in Venice (Italy), organised by the Istituto Italiano della Saldatura (Italian Welding Institute).