Figure 12 shows typical contour plots for the equivalent plastic strain in the ligaments adjacent to an embedded flaw. (W 105) (1)

Plastic strain = Tensão plástica

In the model, design pressure was applied first and then axial strain. The results were used to generate an axial stress-strain response for the material. (W 230) (2)

Axial strain = Tensão axial

Recent literature presenting uniaxial creep and crack growth tests indicate that some materials show lower failure strains during longer term laboratory tests. (W 30) (3)

Failure strain = Tensão de falha

(1) Approaches for Determining Limit Load and Reference Stress for Circumferential Embedded Flaws in Pipe Girth Welds

Mohamad J Cheaitani 

TWI Ltd Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AL, UK

Pipeline Technology Conference, Ostend, Belgium 2009.

(2) Fracture mechanics assessment of flaws in pipeline girth welds

Henryk Pisarski, Guang Xu and Simon Smith

Proceedings of HSLP-IAP2006: International Seminar on Application of High Strength Line Pipe And Integrity Assessment of Pipeline 2006, June 15-16, 2006, Xi’an, China.

(3) Creep Crack Growth Prediction of Very Long Term P91 Steel Using Extrapolated Short-Term Uniaxial Creep Data.

S. Maleki 

TWI Ltd.

A. Mehmanparast, K. M. Nikbin 

Imperial College London

Paper presented at the 2013 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. Paris, France, 14-18 July 2013.