As weld bead shape is influenced by deposition technique and by welding parameters, welding procedures must be devised with care. (W 213) (1)

Deposition technique = Técnica de deposição

The dual-rotation technique can significantly modify the velocity gradient between the probe centre and the shoulder diameter. This technique provides a differential in rotation speed and the option for rotation in opposite directions. (W 216) (2)

Dual-rotation technique = Técnica de dupla rotação

The artificial flaws implanted in one half of each specimen pipe, represented the type of flaws expected at this intermediate welding stage and hence the ultrasonic techniques were required to detect them with confidence, providing both flaw type identification and accurate sizing information. (W 44) (3)

Ultrasonic technique = Técnica ultra-sônica

(1) Novel technologies for repair and refurbishment

Sayee Raghunathan 

TWI Ltd, Cambridge, UK

Paper presented at National Welding Seminar (NWS 2006) 24 – 26 November 2006, Chennai, India.

(2) Friction stir technology – recent developments in process variants and applications

D G Staines, W M Thomas, S W Kallee and P J Oakley 

TWI Ltd

Paper presented at Conference in Montreal, COM 2006, Sheraton Centre Hotel, October 1-4 2006.

(3) Evaluation of ultrasonic phased array and laser optical techniques for inspection of the root and hot pass in girth welds

Channa Nageswaran and Ana?s Bourgeon 

TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK

Richard Gooch 

OMS, Twyford Business Centre, London Road, Bishops Stortford, CM23 3YT, UK

Paper presented at INSIGHT 2012.

Over recent years, developments in Nd:YAG laser technology have resulted in higher power systems, up to 6kW, becoming commercially available. (W 189) (1)

Laser technology = Tecnologia a laser

Developments in welding technology applicable to the offshore industry are described in three broad themes; advanced arc welding, friction stir welding and laser processes. (W 229) (2)

Welding technology = Tecnologia de soldagem

The paper summarizes results of an engineering investigation on advanced joining technology for hybrid (composite-metal) structures. (W 123) (3)

Joining technology = Tecnologia conjunta

(1) Laser and hybrid laser-MAG welding of steel structures for shipbuilding

Steve Shi and David Howse

Laser & Sheet Processes Group, TWI Ltd

Paper presented at 2007 International Forum on Welding Technologies in Shipping Industry held in Shanghai on 16-18 June 2007.

(2) Recent Developments in Welding Technology 

G S Booth, R L Jones and P L Threadgill 

Paper presented at ISOPE-2006, 16th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, San Francisco, California, USA, May 28 – June 2, 2006.

(3) Advanced hybrid joining technology

Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, Gabriel J. Hostetter, David K. McNamara, Joseph R. Pickens, Stanley P. Turcheck, Jr. 

Concurrent Technologies Corporation (CTC)

Johnstown, Pennsylvania 15904, U.S.A.

Bruce G. I. Dance 

Paper presented at ASME 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 2009, Honolulu, Hawaii, 31 May – 5 June 2009. Paper #79769.

In this series of tests, the yield strength always overmatches the strength of both weld metal and parent steels, the effect of strength mismatch between parent steel and weld metal on HAZ fracture toughness was small. Weld strength mismatch of 0.95 and 2.15 resulted in HAZ transition temperatures which did not differ by more than 15°C.  (W 397) (1)

Transition temperature = Temperatura de transição

These techniques required knowledge of various material properties, including yield strength, fracture toughness and fatigue crack propagation rates for the operating temperature of the boiler. (Welding 42) (2)

Operating temperature = Temperatura de operação

Despite many previous studies, the accuracy of measurement of the electron temperature and density in the plasma required to calculate the plasma absorption coefficient, still remains open to interpretation. (W 344) (3)

Electron temperature = Temperatura do elétron

(1) An investigation into the effect of weld strength mismatch on the assessment of HAZ fracture toughness

H G Pisarski (1) and P L Harrison (2)

(1) TWI  (2) Corus Research Development and Technology

Paper presented at ECF 14: 14th European Conference on Fracture, 8-13 September 2002, Cracow, Poland

(2) Development of an automated scanner and phased array ultrasonic testing technique for the inspection of nozzle welds in the nuclear industry

Dimosthenis Liaptsis, Dawei Yan and Ian Cooper 

TWI NDT Validation Centre (Wales)

Vasilios Papadimitriou, Ioannis Roditis and Panagiotis Chatzakos 

Innora Ltd-Innovation Robotics Automation

59 Ioanni Metaxa Str., 19400, Koropi, Athens, Greece

Paper presented at BINDT 2012 – 51st Annual Conference of the British Institute for Non-Destructive Testing, Daventry, UK. 11-13 September 2012.

(3) Laser-Vapour Interaction in High-Power cw CO2 Laser Welding

J Greses, P A Hilton, TWI, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, UK; C Y Barlow, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; W M Steen, Material Science Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK and Laser Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Paper P546 presented at ICALEO 2003 conference, Jacksonville, Florida, USA, 13-16 October 2003.

There are at present little or limited long term creep data that can be found in the literature for modified 9Cr. This is partly due to the relatively recent development of the alloy and partly due to data not being in the public domain. (W 30) (1)

Long term = Longo prazo

The attempts to work at high vacuum, although reasonably successful in the short term, were eventually derailed by inconsistent sealing and pumping performance. (W 72) (2)

Short term = Curto prazo

Welding of space and aircraft structures is increasingly becoming a reality, helped by the development of friction stir welding……… Future welded aircraft may become a medium term reality with the exploitation of this process for wing and fuselage structures. Most airframe manufacturers are now actively developing the technology with TWI. (Welding 272) (3)

Medium term = Médio prazo

(1) Creep Crack Growth Prediction of Very Long Term P91 Steel Using Extrapolated Short-Term Uniaxial Creep DataS. Maleki TWI LtdA. Mehmanparast, K. M. Nikbin Imperial College London.Paper presented at the 2013 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. Paris, France, 14-18 July 2013. 

(2) EB welding of large components without a vacuum chamberChris Punshon and Allan Sanderson TWI Ltd, Cambridge, UKPaper presented at 7th International Conference on Beam Technology, Halle, Germany, 17-19 April 2007.

(3) Friction stir welding for the aerospace industry.Case Study  www.twi-global.com/news-events/case-studies/friction-stir-welding-for-the-aerospace-industry-207/ – 2014-05-06.

The most discriminating of the short-term tests was the tensile test using a waisted specimen, which, due to the geometry of the test specimen, ensures that failure occurs in the fused joint rather than the parent pipe. (W 3) (1)

Tensile test = Ensaio de tração

Ultrasonic inspection techniques were designed and implemented to detect the onset of cracking, size the cracks and monitor their growth during a fatigue test on a large full scale component used in the oil and gas industry. (W 25) (2)

Fatigue test = Ensaio de fadiga

Current nondestructive examination (NDE) techniques are not totally reliable for detecting root flaws. The only definitive method is a destructive bend test with the root in tension. (W 133) (3)

Bend test = Ensaio de dobramento

(1) Short-term And Long-term Mechanical Testing To Evaluate The Effect Of Flaws In Butt Fusion Joints In Polyethylene Pipes

Mike Troughton and Amir Khamsehnezhad 

TWI Ltd, Granta Park Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK

Paper presented at the ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference, PVP2016, July 17-21, 2016, Vancouver, BC, Canada

(2) Monitoring fatigue crack growth in subsea threaded components using ultrasonic phased array techniques

Channa Nageswaran, Alan Day and Kim Hayward (TWI Ltd)

TWI Member Publication. September 2013

(3) Friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

P L Threadgill1, A J Leonard2, H R Shercliff3 and P J Withers*4

1TWI, Granta Park, Great Abington CB21 6AL, UK

2BP International, Compass Point, 79-87 Kingston Rd, Staines, Middx TW18 1DY, UK

3Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK

4School of Materials, University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester M1 7HS, UK

*Corresponding author, email philip.withers@man.ac.uk 

†Other terms have been used in the literature, namely ‘shear side’ and ‘flow side’, but these are ambiguous and have been discouraged.[4]

Paper presented at International Materials Reviews, vol.54. no.2. March 2009. pp. 49-93.

The requirement to increase inspection speeds for non-destructive testing (NDT) is common to many manufacturers. The prevalence of complex curved surfaces in modern products provides motivation for the use of 6 axis robots in these inspections. The techniques and issues associated with conventional manual inspection techniques and automated systems for the inspection of large complex surfaces were reviewed. (W 6) (1)

Non-destructive testing = Ensaio não destrutivo

Automatic ultrasonic testing (AUT) is typically employed to detect critical flaw sizes (on the ID) as small as 0.5 to 1mm in height, which is a possible requirement for highly fatigue critical SCR welds. Qualifying AUT systems and operators for such flaws and establishing the practical limits of the system takes a long time, requiring inspection and sectioning of several test welds and operators, this makes the establishment of the fatigue criterion a long lead item of design. (W 103) (2)

Ultrasonic testing = Teste ultra sônico

Since it is not usual to determine the modulus of elasticity (E) during tensile testing (special instrumentation is required), a table of standard values of E at various temperatures is also provided. (W 40) (3)

Tensile testing = Teste/ensaio de tração

(1) Robotic path planning for non-destructive testing through RoboNDT

Carmelo Mineo, Jonathan Riise and S Gareth Pierce 

University of Strathclyde, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK 

P Ian Nicholson and Ian Cooper 

TWI Technology Centre (Wales) Port Talbot, SA13 1SB, UK 

Paper presented at NDT 2015. The 54th annual conference of the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing. 8-10 Sept. 2015, Telford, UK.

(2) Fatigue performance of riser girth welds for deep-water applications

by Amir Bahrami

Paper presented at Deep Water Technology Conference, Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Asia, 26-27 Oct. 2009.

(3) Overview of BS 7910:2013

Isabel Hadley* and Henryk G Pisarski* 

TWI Ltd

Paper presented at the ESIA12, 12th International Conference on Engineering Structural Integrity Assessment, 28 and 29 May 2013, Manchester, UK.

TWI has developed and validated a phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) system specifically for inspecting fused joints in PE pipes of diameters between 90 and 800mm and wall thicknesses between 8 and 65mm. (W 3) (1)

Wall thickness = Espessura da parede

Class B weld profiles can be produced, at welding speeds of up to 4.5m/min (depending on plate thickness), over perfectly fitting joints. (W 46) (2)

Plate thickness = Espessura da placa

Growth of existing sub surface HAZ cracks was observed for up to 6 hours after welding in the high restraint welds at both high and low hydrogen levels (e.g. W1-20 and W1-10). Although such growth was not detected in low restraint welds, it was not possible to conclude that any of restraint, hydrogen level, or weld thickness over the ranges studied had any effect on delay time. (W 447) (3)

Weld thickness = Espessura da solda

(1) Short-term And Long-term Mechanical Testing To Evaluate The Effect Of Flaws In Butt Fusion Joints In Polyethylene Pipes

Mike Troughton and Amir Khamsehnezhad 

TWI Ltd, Granta Park Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK

Paper presented at the ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference, PVP2016, July 17-21, 2016, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

(2) Increasing the tolerance to fit-up gap using hybrid laser-arc welding and adaptive control of welding parameters

C M Allen, P A Hilton and J Blackburn

TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Gt. Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, United Kingdom

Copyright © TWI Ltd 2012

Paper presented at 37th International MATADOR Conference, Manchester, England, 25-27 July 2012.

The original publication is available at: www.springerlink.com.

(3) Evaluation of necessary delay before inspection for hydrogen cracks

Richard Pargeter

The author was awarded the James F Lincoln Gold Medal for this paper by the AWS in 2004.

Paper presented at 82 nd Annual AWS Convention, Cleveland, Ohio, 6 – 10 May 2001 and published in Welding Research Supplement of Welding Journal, vol.82, no.11, Nov.2003, pp.321s-329s.

(N.B. The AWS published version contains an error in Table 5, where the > and < signs are not shown. This version contains the corrected table).

The overall benefits (in terms of increased tolerance) gained by using adaptive control, particularly in terms of increased gap tolerance, can be seen by comparing Fig.1.8 with Figs.1.5-1.7. (W 46) (1)

Gap tolerance = Tolerância de afastamento

This paper describes some initial results from a project whose primary objective is to develop a strain-based flaw assessment procedure which quantifies the most important variables that influence flaw tolerance of pipeline girth welds subjected to axial plastic straining with and without internal pressure. (W 31) (2)

Flaw tolerance = Tolerância de falha

Whilst current fracture assessment procedures have already brought about enormous benefits for fabricators and operators in terms of cost savings and better understanding of structural safety, we have by no means reached the end of the road so far as further development of procedures is concerned. A better understanding is clearly required in the areas such as strain-based approaches, the link between defect tolerance and the reliability of NDT techniques, and the analysis of dynamic fracture. (W 305) (3)

Defect tolerance =Tolerância de defeito

(1) Increasing the tolerance to fit-up gap using hybrid laser-arc welding and adaptive control of welding parameters

C M Allen, P A Hilton and J Blackburn

TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Gt. Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, United Kingdom

Copyright © TWI Ltd 2012

Paper presented at 37th International MATADOR Conference, Manchester, England, 25-27 July 2012.

The original publication is available at: www.springerlink.com.

(2) Flaw Tolerance of Pipelines Containing Circumferential Flaws Subjected to Axial Straining and Internal Pressure – Tests and Analyses

H. Pisarski, S. Smith and T. London 

TWI Ltd, 

Cambridge, UK. 

Paper presented at ISOPE Conference July 2013, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.

(3) The future of fracture assessment

A Dowling – British Nuclear Group

I Hadley and J B Wintle – TWI

Paper presented at Developments in pressure equipment – where to next? I Mech E, London, 23-24 November 2004.

The FSW tool comprises a shoulder and a pin, and has two main features. The shoulder presses downward on the work piece, and when the shoulder rotates, heating-induced softening starts to take place. The combination of the shoulder and the pin stretches and folds material and creates a solid joint between originally free surfaces that are intersected by the pin. (W 35) (1)

FSW tool = Ferramenta FSW

The side of the weld for which the rotating tool moves in the same direction as the traversing direction, is commonly known as the ‘advancing side’; the other side, where tool rotation opposes the traversing direction, is known as the ‘retreating side’.  (W 133) (2)

Rotating tool = Ferramenta rotativa

The use of a double sided friction stir welding tool (known as a bobbin tool) has the advantage of giving a processed zone in the work-piece which is more or less rectangular in cross section…(W 110) (3)

Welding tool = Ferramenta de soldagem

(1) Numerical investigations of friction stir welding of high temperature materials

A. Elbanhawy, E. Chevallier, K. Domin 

TWI Ltd, Structural Integrity Technology Group  

Presenter: Dr Amr Elbanhawy, Project Leader at TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK 

NAFEMS world congress, Salzburg, Austria, 9-12 June 2013.

(2) Friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

P L Threadgill1, A J Leonard2, H R Shercliff3 and P J Withers*4

1TWI, Granta Park, Great Abington CB21 6AL, UK

2BP International, Compass Point, 79-87 Kingston Rd, Staines, Middx TW18 1DY, UK

3Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK

4School of Materials, University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street, Manchester M1 7HS, UK

*Corresponding author, email philip.withers@man.ac.uk 

†Other terms have been used in the literature, namely ‘shear side’ and ‘flow side’, but these are ambiguous and have been discouraged.[4]

Paper presented at International Materials Reviews, vol.54. no.2. March 2009. pp. 49-93.

(3) The use of bobbin tools for friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

P L Threadgill1, M M Z Ahmed2, J P Martin3, J G Perrett3 and B P Wynne2

1TWI Ltd, Cambridge

2IMMPETUS (Institute for Microstructural and Mechanical Process Engineering: The University of Sheffield)

3TWI (Yorkshire) Ltd

Paper presented at Thermec 2009. Berlin, Germany, 25 – 29 August 2009.

Wilkowski et al….. performed SENT tests using fatigue pre-cracked specimens over a range of temperatures to define the ductile to brittle transition as part of the validation of their Master Curve of Fracture Initiation Transition Temperature (FITT). (W 17) (1)

Brittle transition = Transição frágil

The effect of loading rate on the fracture toughness of ferritic steels is dependent on overall material behaviour: for temperatures below the brittle to ductile transition region, toughness decreases with increasing loading rate. (W 522) (2)

Ductile transition = Transição dúctil

There are fatigue improvement techniques that can be applied to welds. The dual objectives of these are the removal of the intrusions at the weld toe and the achievement of a smooth transition between weld metal and parent plate. (W 131) (3)

Smooth transition = Transição suave

(1) The Effect of Notch Sharpness on the Fracture Toughness Determined from SENT Specimens

Philippa Moore 

TWI Ltd, Granta Park Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK 

Paper presented at Proceedings of the ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE2014 June 8-13, 2014, San Francisco, California, USA.

(2) Loading Rate Effects on Tensile Properties and Fracture Toughness of Steel

Dr C S Wiesner, TWI, Cambridge, UK and Mr H MacGillivray [1], Imperial College, London, UK

Presented at 1999 TAGSI Seminar – ‘Fracture, Plastic Flow and Structural Integrity’ (dedicated to Sir Alan Cottrell in the year of his Eightieth Birthday), Held at TWI, Cambridge, UK, 29 April 1999.

(3) The importance of welding quality in ship construction

P.L. Moore 

Paper presented at Analysis and design of Marine Structures 2nd International Conference on Marine Structures (MARSTRUCT 2009) March 16- 18, 2009 Lisbon, Portugal.

A Series of preliminary welding trials has been carried out using an experimental Twin-stir TM head at TWI in order to investigate the characteristics of welds made in a variety of configurations. (W 171) (1)

Welding trial = Ensaio de soldagem

The inspection was a blind trial, in that the operator was told the general region where the defects were present but was not given any information regarding their circumferential lengths or their through-wall sizes. (W 137) (2)

Blind trial = Ensaio cego

The qualification body considered an open trial of the equipment and data collection part of the procedure adequate but, in view of the novel nature of the inspection, considered a blind trial essential for the individual data analysts and the data analysis part of the procedure. (W 395) (3)

Open trial = Ensaio aberto

(1) Friction stir welding – process variants and recent industrial developments

(Friktion rühren Schweißen – Prozeßvarianten und neue industrielle Entwicklungen)

I M Norris, W M Thomas, J Martin and D J Staines

Paper presented at 10th International Aachen Welding Conference, ‘Welding and Joining, Key Technologies for the Future’, Eurogress, Aachen, 24-25 Oct. 2007.

(2) Evaluation of the phased array Transmit-Receive Longitudinal and Time of Flight Diffraction techniques for inspection of a dissimilar weld

Channa Nageswaran and Colin R Bird 

Paper published in Insight, vol.50. no.12. Dec. 2008. pp.678 – 684.

(3) Independent qualification of phased array inspection of fillet welds

Robin Shipp 

Firecrest Consulting

34 Cambrian Drive, Yate, Bristol BS37 5TS, UK

Telephone: +44 (0) 7071 780746

Telefax: +44 (0) 8701 316103

E-mail: manager@firecrestconsulting.com

Charles R A Schneider and Colin R Bird 

TWI, Granta Park, Cambridge CB1 6AL, UK

David A Wood 

BNFL Magnox Generation

Berkeley Centre, Berkeley, Gloucestershire GL13 9PB, UK

Paper presented at BINDT Annual Conference, Southport, 17 September 2002.

…Expensive weld overlays may be used to prevent corrosion of the carbon steel tubes. However the costs of these materials are significantly more expensive than conventional steel tube. (W 109) (1)

Steel tube = Tubo de aço

From the deployment consideration, conventional laser cutting around the tube is almost impossible, and a method of single-sided tube cutting needs to be developed. (W 84) (2)

Single-sided tube = Tubo simples

First attempts to produce a fast axial flow CO 2 laser used the simplest possible optical arrangement with a mirror at one end and a gallium arsenide output window at the other. Two discharge tubes were arranged in line with their cathodes earthed. The high voltage anodes were insulated from earth by two lengths of glass tube through which the laser gas flowed before entering the discharge tubes. (W 181) (3)

Discharge tube = Tubo de descarga

(1) Corrosion mitigation in biomass combustion plant using thermal spray coatings

M A Riley and M D F Harvey 

Paper presented at COAL-GEN Europe, Katowice, Poland, 1-4 Sept. 2009.

(2) Yb-Fibre laser single sided tube cutting for nuclear decommissioning applications

Ali Khan, Paul Hilton 

Paper presented at 2010 ICALEO Proceedings Anaheim, CA, USA, 26 – 30 Sept. 2010, Paper 707.

(3) The early days of laser cutting

P A Hilton 

11th Nordic Conference in Laser Processing of Materials, Lappeenranta, Finland, August 20-22, 2007.